Journal of Farm Sciences

Genetic variability studies in Byadagi chilli (Capsicum annum L.)

ABHISHEK PATIL, B. D. BIRADAR, O. SRIDEVI, C. P. MALLAPUR — Wed, 21 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A study on genetic variability, correlation and path coefficient for different quantitative and quality traits in 58
Byadagi chilli accessions was carried out in the Botany Garden of University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad duringkharif
2021. High variability was observed in number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, fruit length, fruit width and dry fruit
yield. High PCV, GCV, heritability and GAM estimates was observed for the number of fruits per plant. Dry fruit yield
showed significant positive correlation with the traits viz.,plant height, number of primary branches, number of secondary
branches, number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, fruit length and fruit width. The traits such as number of primary
branches, number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, fruit length, fruit width, days to first flowering and oleoresin content
exhibited positive direct influence on dry fruit yield, hence direct selection through these traits is effective for improving the
yield.

Deciphering trait association, direct and indirect effects of component traits on yield through correlation and path analysis in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

AKSHATA HATTIHOLI, M. D. PATIL, C. D. SOREGAON, V. H. ASHVATHAMA — Wed, 21 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a food legume crop belonging to the family Leguminosae (Fabaceae). Increasing
crop yield is the primary focus of crop improvement programs, and it is a multifaceted trait that relies on various
component traits. A better insight about the association of yield with its component traits can be very helpful in improving
the yield. The experiment was carried out during rabi 2022-23 at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Vijayapura to
dissect the correlation and path analysis to understand the association, direct and indirect effects between the traits. Yield
showed positive correlation with SCMR at 60 days (0.128), height of first pod (0.093), hundred seed weight (0.033), plant
height (0.023) and days to fifty per cent flowering (0.004). The direct and indirect effects of yield contributing traits among
fifty genotypes through path coefficient analysis was analysed. Experimental results indicated that majority of the traits
under consideration viz., number of pods per plant (0.8031), NDVI (0.7551), number of primary branches (0.6082), SCMR
60 (0.5948), hundred seed weight (0.4923), height of first pod (0.4299), days to maturity (0.0870) and number of seeds per
pod (0.0359) showed positive direct effect on plot yield while days to fifty per cent flowering (-0.7212), SCMR 30
(-0.7196), plant height (-0.6994) and number of secondary branches (-0.3458) exhibited negative effect. The information
derived through such analysis helps to derive the traits having positive effect (direct and indirect) and thus gives insights on
formulation of selection indices towards enhancing productivity.

Genetic variability study for yield and its attributing traits in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

J. S. NAGESH, P. SURENDRA — Wed, 21 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A study on genetic variation and its understanding in cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) can help in improving the
crop yield. The present investigation was undertaken with twenty-three rice genotypes to assess the variability parameters
for yield and its component traits. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with two
replications during kharif 2022 at three locations viz., AICRIP (Vol. Centre), ARS (Paddy) Sirsi, ARS Malagi and ARS
Mugad. The investigation revealed that the estimates of GCV for all the characters studied were slightly less than PCV
estimates indicating influence of environment on the genotype performance. PCV and GCV were high for trait like straw
yield per plot (kg). Moderate GCV and PCV showed by number of panicles hill-1, number of panicles sqm-1, grain yield
per plot (kg), grain length/breadth (L/B) ratio and kernel length/breadth (kl/kb) ratio. High heritability coupled with high
genetic advance over mean were recorded for number of panicles hill-1, number of panicles sqm-1, grain yield per plot (kg),
straw yield per plot (kg) and kernel length/breadth (kl/kb) ratio indicating that most likely the heritability was due to
additive gene effects.

Assessment of genetic variability for fodder yield and yield attributing traits in advanced breeding lines of fodder cowpea

GOURAMMA SIDDAPUR, K. SRIDHAR, SUMANGALA BHAT, N. S. KULKARNI — Wed, 21 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

An experiment was conducted to assess genetic variability in 57 advanced breeding lines (ABL’s) of two crosses viz., MFC-09-12 x BL-2 and UPC-622 × EC-4216 in fodder cowpea. The ABL’s along with their parents and two national check BL-1 and BL-2, one zonal check MFC-09-01 and IGFRI-DC-215 (state variety released for Karnataka) were evaluated in RCBD with two replications during kharif 2022 and rabi 2022-23. Environmental influence was minimum for the expression of all the traits which is evident from narrow difference between phenotypic co-efficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic co-efficient of variation (GCV) estimates. In both the crosses, high heritability values were found for the all the traits in both the seasons. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean has been observed for the traits viz., days to maturity, plant height, primary branches, L/S ratio, green fodder yield and dry matter yield in both the seasons for the two crosses indicating the preponderance of additive gene action for the above characters. Thus, the information on the genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance per cent mean for different yield related traits provides a basis for trait improvement for developing fodder cowpea genotypes with higher fodder yield potential.

Assessing the growth and yield responses of rainfed pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) to nano-DAP fertilizer application

R. SACHIN, S. B. PATIL, G. S. YADAHALLI, R. A. NANDAGAVI, G. Y. VIDYAVATHI — Wed, 21 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2022 at the College of Agriculture, Vijayapura, in a split-plot design with two control plots. The main plots consist of basal application of N and P levels, viz., 100%, 75%, 50%, 25% and 0%, and subplots consist of foliar application of nano-DAP @ 2 ml, 4 ml and 6 ml L-1 and the treatment combinations were compared with a recommended package of practice (RPP) and absolute control. The results indicated that the basal application of 100% N and P recorded significantly higher growth, yield and economics than lower N and P levels. Among the foliar applications tested, spraying nano-DAP @ 6 ml L-1 resulted in significantly superior growth, yield and economic outcomes, followed by the application of nano-DAP @ 4 ml L-1. Among the interactions examined, the treatment receiving 100% N and P, along with the foliar application of nano-DAP @ 6 ml L-1 demonstrated significantly superior growth attributes. Specifically, it exhibited a plant height of 177.5 cm, 36.10 branches per plant, and a total dry matter production of 252.2 g per plant. Additionally, this interaction treatment demonstrated better yield attributes, including more pods plant-1 (181.79) and seed weight plant-1 (74.43 g). Moreover, it produced significantly higher seed yield (1883 kg ha-1) and stalk yield (5138 kg ha-1) and maximum net returns (`87329 ha-1) and a benefit-cost ratio (3.36) compared to other treatment combinations. However, the treatment receiving 75% N and P, coupled with nano-DAP spraying both @ 4 and 6 ml L-1, noticed comparable outcomes in terms of seed yield (1712 kg ha-1), stalk yield (4768 kg ha-1), net returns (`79637 ha-1) and a benefit-cost ratio (3.39) with RPP. The study concludes that employing a basal application of 100% N and P coupled with foliar application of nano-DAP @ 4 and 6 ml L-1 enhances the growth, yield, and net returns of pigeonpea in contrast to RPP.

Weed management through cover crop mulching and herbicide application on growth and yield of rabi maize

SWAPNA S. HITTALAMANI, S. RAJKUMARA, P. ASHOKA, MANJUNATHA HEBBARA — Wed, 21 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A field experiment was conducted at Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka during rabi, 2022-23 on Vertisols to study the effect of cover crop mulching and herbicide application on weeds, growth and yield of rabi maize. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replications. The main plots consisted of two cover crops with two mulching periods i.e., cowpea and sunhemp at 30 and 45 DAS. The subplot consisted of four treatments with herbicide application rates viz., no herbicide, pre-emergence application of pendimethalin 1, 0.75 and 0.5 kg a.i. ha-1. In the maize + sunhemp (1:2) system mulching of sunhemp at 45 DAS with preemergence application of pendimethalin1kg a.i. ha-1reduced the dry weight of weeds at 40 and 60 DAS (6.53 and10.13 g m-2, respectively) and enhanced the weed control efficiency (87.7 and 83.3%, respectively) over other treatments. While, cowpea mulching at 30 DAS with pendimethalin 1 kg a.i. ha-1 recorded significantly lower weed index (6.0%) and higher cob length (16cm), hundred grain weight (28.7 g), grain yield per plant (124.5 g), grain yield (5267 kg ha-1), stover yield (6955 kg ha-1), gross returns (`1,05,852 ha-1), net returns (`60,019 ha-1) and B:C ratio (2.18). This was on par with cowpea mulching at 30 DAS with pendimethalin 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1. The weed free check recorded a higher grain yield of 5600 kg ha-1, while the weedy check resulted in lower yields.

Total elemental composition of soil primary particles in vertisols of northern Karnataka

D. S. CHARISHMA, V. B. KULIGOD, S. S. GUNDLUR — Wed, 21 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A study on total elemental composition of soil primary particles in Belavadi micro-watershed of Belagavi district, Karnataka was conducted during 2022-23. Horizon-wise soil samples were collected and analysed for major and trace elemental content in sand, silt and clay. Vertisol pedons 1 and 2 revealed the various patterns in elemental composition across horizons and soil fractions. In the uppermost (Ap) horizon, the sand fraction contained relatively higher concentrations of Si, Al, Fe and K, while significant amounts of Si, Al and Fe were also present in the silt and clay fractions. However, as soil depth increased (Bss1, Bss2 and Bss3) there was an overall decrease in the total concentration of these major elements. The sand fraction exhibited higher content of Mn, Cu and V. With increasing depth, the concentrations of trace elements did not follow any pattern.

Field efficacy of commercial botanicals and bioagents against yellow mosaic disease of mungbean

AMRUTA P. BARIGAL, S. I. HARLAPUR, GURUPADA B. BALOL, G. U. PREMA, SUMA MOGALI — Wed, 21 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Yellow Mosaic Disease (YMD) caused by Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) is of key importance especially in South and Southeast Asia. Yield loss due to MYMV ranges from 10- 100 per cent and may even kill the infected plant at vegetative stage. Hence attempt was made to evaluate botanicals and bioagents against MYMV. The experiment was laid out using Randomized Complete Block Design with 11 treatments replicated thrice, Among the different commercial botanicals evaluated for MYMV management, seed treatment with crude neem oil @ 5 ml/kg of seeds followed by foliar spray with multineem (Azadirichtin 0.03%) @ 10 ml/l showed least disease incidence of 7.66 per cent and disease severity of 6.55 per cent with higher seed yield of 7.00 q/ha and Benefit : Cost ratio of 2.57, which was next to standard check treatment (T11). Highest per cent disease incidence of 75.83 per cent and disease severity of 35.85 per cent was observed in treatment with no seed treatment and no spray, which exhibited least seed yield of 2.85 q/ha and B:C ratio of 1.03. Hence commercial neem formulations can be used as effective and eco-friendly option for MYMV management.

Effect of drought stress on morho-physiological and yield components in chickpea genotypes

SOUMYA PATIL, C. M. NAWALAGATTI, U.V. MUMMIGATTI, M. P. POTDAR, R. S. BHAT — Wed, 21 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Chickpea is one of the major rabi pulse crops in India popularly called as “gram”. Many abiotic stressors limit crop output, among them moisture stress accounts for 40–50% yield loss in chickpea. In order to evaluate, and select chickpea genotypes with high yield potential under moisture stress most prerequisite, the current study was carried out at UAS Dharwad in Karnataka, over the 2021–22 and 2022–23 periods. To study morpho-physiological traits related to drought tolerance and to fix the criteria for reliable screening of drought tolerant chickpea genotypes, 15 chickpea genotypes grown on rainfed and irrigation condition. The effect of drought stress on plant height, number of branches, leaf area, total chlorophyll content, chlorophyll stability index, relative water content and yield attributes were evaluated. Among genotypes, the maximum plant height was recorded in DBGV 206 under rainfed condition and more number of branches per plant was recorded in A-1 under stress condition. Tolerant genotypes like ICCV 4958, DIBG 205 and BGD 111-1 were showed highest yield under rainfed condition with less percent yield reduction compare to irrigated ones. Which was due to maximum RWC, CSI, chlorophyll content with minimum reduction in morphological parameters under rainfed condition.

Marketing dynamics of organic turmeric in Karnataka: An empirical study

M. S. NANDITHA, S. S. GULEDAGUDDA — Wed, 21 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is widely known as the ‘Indian Saffron’ and originates from Asia. India has been the largest producer, consumer and exporter of turmeric globally. In Karnataka, Belagavi and Bagalkot were the major districts which produce organic turmeric and only a few studies found on organic turmeric especially in that particular region and hence the present study aimed to analyse the marketing dynamics of organic turmeric in Belagavi and Bagalkot districts of Karnataka. A multistage purposive sampling technique was employed for the selection of sample respondents including market intermediaries using pre-tested, well-structured questionnaires. The results revealed that, in the marketing of organic turmeric two marketing channels were identified in Belagavi district comprises of Channel-I: Producer  Wholesaler-cum- Processor  Retailer  Consumer and Channel-II: Producer  Local trader  Company  Retailer Consumer and two channels in Bagalkot district consists of Channel-I: Producer  Wholesaler-cum-Processor  Retailer  Consumer and Channel-II: Producer  FPOs  Company  Retailer  Consumer. In Belagavi district, the producer’s share in consumer’s rupee was higher in Channel-I (46.16%) as compared to Channel-II (39.65%). The marketing efficiency was also found to be highest in Channel-I (1.67) compared to Channel-II (1.28). In Bagalkot district also the producer’s share in consumer’s rupee was higher in Channel-I (44.50%) as compared to Channel-II (39.16%) and the Channel-I (1.53) was more efficient than that of Channel-II (1.15). Majority of the cost has been incurring on processing and transportation and hence, there is a scope for the farmers to process the turmeric themselves then send to intermediaries for realisation of higher price rather than selling bulbs or fingers. Hence, policymakers could give emphasis on investment in establishment of turmeric processing units in the study area.

Navigating trade routes: A comprehensive analysis of India's fruit crop trade dynamics

YASHAVANTA GOUDA S. PATIL, DEEPIKA BONIGALA, V. PRIYANKA, NARESH . — Wed, 21 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study has been conducted to analyze the trade dynamics of major fruit crops in Indiaand explore their export trends and market destinations. The trends and variations in the fruit crops export have been analyzed using CAGR and Transitional Probability matrix for the period 2013-14 to 2022-23.The results of the study revealed that major export destinations for Indian fresh fruit are UAE, Bangladesh, Nepal, Malaysia, Netherland, Sri Lanka, UK, Qatar, Oman, and Iraq, they are the stable trade partners for Indian exports. Countries like Saudi Arabia, UK, Singapore Hong Kong, Germany and Baharain have been considered non-stable trade partners for Indian fruit exports. The study also examined the importance of understanding trade dynamics in India’s fruit crop sector which helps policy makers and decision-makers to make better choices in identifying key markets for fruit export, realizing trade patterns and enhancing export competitiveness.

Dynamics of area, production and productivity of tomato in Kolar and Belagavi districts of Karnataka state

J. S. VIJAYAKUMAR, B. R. JAMAKHANDI — Wed, 21 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The present study was conducted to analyze the dynamics of area, production and productivity of tomato in Karnataka and two traditionally tomato growing districts viz, Kolar and Belagavi districts were selected base on the highest area under tomato cultivation. The study was based on purely secondary data related to area, production and productivity of Tomato were collected from various public sources especially; Karnataka State Department of Horticulture, Government of Karnataka and Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Government of India from 2001-02 to 2020-21. The time series data for 20 years (2001-02 to 2020-21) was divided into two periods: Period-I (2001-02 to 2010-11) and Period-II (2011-12 to 2020-21).The Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) technique was employed to evaluate trends in area, production and productivity. The results obtained from analysis indicated that, Compound Annual Growth Rate for production of Tomato in the state registered significant and positive growth rate during study Period-I (6.59%), whereas in Period-II, the area under the Tomato showed the highest growth rate (1.79%) and overall, production registered the highest growth rate (4.74%) with instability indices of 8.13,9.73 and 10.26 percent, respectively. Belagavi district, registered a significant and positive growth rate in the area during the overall study period (4.34%) with instability index of 20.28 percent which indicates area-led growth rate. In the case of Kolar, the growth rate registered a significant and positive in production during the overall study period (6.48%) with an instability index of 30.38 per cent indicating production lead growth. The study concluded with positive trend in all cases. Hence, there is a potential scope for growth in vegetable like tomato production in state and selected districts.

Trends and status of horticultural crops in Karnataka

M. NAGAVENI, G. N. KULKARNI, S. S. GULEDAGUDDA, C.K. VENUGOPAL, S. RAJKUMARA — Wed, 21 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The study analyse growth rates, instability and decomposition of horticultural crops in Karnataka, it offers valuable insights into dynamics of agricultural sector. The Secondary data on area under cultivation, production and productivity were utilised. Compound Annual Growth Rates (CAGR) and Cuddy Della Valle Instability Index (CDVI) were calculated to assess growth patterns and their instability. Fruits and vegetable cultivation showed significant growth over two decades, while spice crops had varying trends and plantation crops witnessed substantial growth. Flower cultivation had mixed growth patterns and medicinal plants displayed diverse trends. Aromatic plant cultivation showcased dynamic growth. Cuddy Della Valle Instability Index values revealed varying degrees of volatility, with fruits and vegetable cultivation demonstrating relatively low instability, spice crops exhibiting low to moderate levels and medicinal plants showing the highest instability values. Aromatic plants displayed moderate instability. The decomposition analysis revealed of area expansion as the dominant driver in the first period, while yield improvements became crucial in the second period due to research and development efforts. The study emphasizes the importance of Karnataka’s horticulture sector for its economy and rural livelihoods. Policies need to focus on modern technologies, improved infrastructure and market linkages to enhance productivity, promote market access and on how to mitigate climate and market risks.

Growth dynamics of area, production and productivity of soybean in Belagavi district of Karnataka

C. DARSHAN, N. M. KERUR, G. M. HIREMATH — Wed, 21 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Soybean (Glycine max) holds immense global economic significance. Its cultivation spans 121.20, 3.17, 0.86 lakh hectares, yielding 128.97, 3.76, 0.87 lakh tonnes, and achieving productivities of 1064, 1212, 1033 kilograms/hectare in India, Karnataka and Belagavi district respectively. Lever aging growth analysis for innovative marketing strategies, the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) emerges as a pivotal tool. Meanwhile, regression models find application in control strategies. Collating secondary data from sources such as DSO, Belagavi and DGCIS over a decade, a comprehensive view was obtained. In Karnataka, area of soybean burgeoned from 1.90 lakh hectares in 2011-12 to 3.17 lakh hectares in 2020-21, boasting a robust CAGR of 6.71 per cent. Similarly, production escalated from 1.92 lakh tonnes to 3.76 lakh tonnes during the same period, at a CAGR of 8.87 per cent. Correspondingly, productivity of soybean improved from 1.01 tonnes/hectare to 1.21 tonnes/hectare, with a CAGR of 2.11 per cent. Within Belagavi district, the soybean landscape witnessed growth from 0.77 lakh hectares in 2011-12 to 0.86 lakh hectares in 2020-21, demonstrating a CAGR of 2.32 per cent. Production figures mirrored this trend, ascending from 0.78 lakh tonnes to 0.87 lakh tonnes, reflecting a CAGR of 7.09 per cent. Notably, productivity of soybean progressed moderately, advancing from 1.01 tonnes/hectare to 1.03 tonnes/ hectare at a CAGR of 4.77 per cent. Karnataka experienced a substantial and significant surge in soybean cultivation, attributed to escalating demand and advancements in scientific techniques. Meanwhile, Belagavi district exhibited a positive growth trajectory, partially attributable to similar factors. Although soybean productivity witnessed an uptick, the pace was relatively modest in both Karnataka and Belagavi district. Suitable measures have to be taken up by the government and by the farmers like introducing and using seeds of HYVs to boost the productivity of soybean.

A holistic approach of investigating soybean market structure, conduct and performance for strategic insight

C. DARSHAN, N. M. KERUR — Wed, 21 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Soybean (Glycine max) stands as a globally significant commodity, playing a pivotal role as a primary source for edible oilseeds, vegetable protein, and a foundational raw material for diverse chemical products. This research delves into the intricate dynamics of the soybean market by collecting primary data obtained from market intermediaries, specifically wholesalers and commission agents cum traders. The focus is on market concentration within the selected markets of Bailhongal and Hukkeri in the Belagavi district, chosen for their prominence. Employing a comprehensive approach, this study investigates the market structure, conduct, and performance of soybean markets. Utilizing metrics such as the Lorenz coefficient of inequality and Marketing efficiency index, the research aims to provide valuable insights for stakeholders. Notably, the findings indicate an oligopolistic market structure for soybean, with a Lorenz coefficient of inequality of 0.74 and 0.76 in Bailhongal and 0.77 and 0.779 in Hukkeri markets, for wholesalers and commission agents cum traders respectively. This suggests a concentration of market power in the hands of a few entities in both markets. The price dynamics of soybean are influenced by various factors, including available produce quantity, trader profit margins, and soybean quality, thereby shaping market conduct. Quality assessment primarily revolves around oil and moisture content. The study also identifies differences in the efficiency of marketing channels, highlighting that the first marketing channel demonstrates superior efficiency. Additionally, a comparative analysis reveals that both channels in Bailhongal market exhibit higher efficiency, suggesting better overall market performance in this location. To address prevailing inequalities, the study recommends policy measures directed at stabilizing the market, particularly by reinforcing Agricultural Produce Market Committees (APMCs) and regulating existing marketing practices. These insights aim to guide stake holders and policymakers in enhancing the overall performance and equity within soybean markets.

Price dynamics of soybean in Belagavi district of Karnataka: A comprehensive study

C. DARSHAN, N. M. KERUR — Wed, 21 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Soybean (Glycine max) is a globally significant commodity, serving as a crucial source of edible oilseeds, vegetable protein and acting as a fundamental raw material for various chemical products. This study delves into the intricate dynamics of the soybean market by analyzing ten years of secondary data obtained from the Krishimaratavahini website, specifically focusing on market arrivals and prices of soybean. Bailhongal and Hukkeri markets have been selected for the study purpose in the Belagavi district as they are the major markets in the district. The research employs the calculation of seasonal indices to uncover nuanced patterns in market fluctuations, providing valuable insights for stakeholders, particularly farmers to make informed and strategic decisions. A key finding reveald a robust negative correlation coefficient of 0.89 (significant at the 1% level) and 0.67 (significant at the 5% level) between average monthly arrivals and prices of soybean in the selected markets. This emphasizes the inverse relationship between market arrivals and prices, underscoring the necessity for farmers to understand these dynamics for optimizing their selling strategies. Furthermore, the study identifies critical peaks in seasonal indices, highlighting October as the month with the highest market arrivals indexed at 241.09 and 366.13, April and May stand out as pivotal months, securing the highest seasonal indices for market prices in Bailhongal and Hukkeri markets, respectively indexed at 107.83 and 109.58. These insights offer a nuanced understanding of temporal fluctuations in the soybean market, enabling stakeholders to make decisions that maximize profits. The study stresses the imperative use of proper techniques aligned with the identified months of higher seasonal indices, ensuring optimal returns for farmers and contributing to the overall stability of the soybean market.

Augmenting farmers income in North Karnataka through technology application for productivity enhancement and diversification

M. J. CHANDRE GOWDA, H. A. BINDU — Wed, 21 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Enhancing farmers income is a major tool to sustain the agriculture and to ensure the farmers’ welfare in the country. The technological interventions can aid in rising farmers’ income by improving productivity for furthering intensification and diversification. The study assessed the impact of technologies implemented by 883 farmers under the guidance of six districts Krishi Vigyan Kendras in northern Karnataka. There was an increase in productivity in most crops during 2017 to 2021. The productivity level of respondent farmers was better than the average productivity of the region in most of the agricultural crops and vegetables. Average productivity achieved by KVK supported farmers compared to the region was low among some horticultural crops because of the low-cost, nature-friendly, bio-intensive approaches promoted by KVKs. Improved productivity led farmers to intensify and diversify farming wherein about 43 and 28 per cent of them intensified livestock rearing and horticulture crop production, respectively. Also, around 16 and 11 per cent of farmers diversified their horticultural and livestock components. Due to productivity led income enhancement, actual increase in income was maximum in the horticultural sector. Farmers in Bagalkot realized highest additional income (`912437/household) and those in Belagavi obtained highest per cent increase in gross income (142.94%) over the benchmark year which was aided by higher index of diversity in sources of income.

Progeny variation for leaf morphometric traits of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume. in Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka

M. NIHARIKA, M. HANUMANTHA — Wed, 21 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, commonly referred to as Ceylon cinnamon or Dalchini, is renowned for its various culinary uses. Cinnamon leaves are widely used as spice and for the extraction of an essential oil rich in eugenol, which found wide applications in perfume and flavouring industries. Cinnamomum is genetically diverse and wide variations are observed for different traits. Due to its cross pollination behavior, an enormous diversity in Cinnamon has been produced. A two-year-old Cinnamomum zeylanicum field trial progenies in Kanagod village, Sirsi Taluk, Uttara Kannada, were evaluated for leaf morphometric traits from September 2022 to June 2023. Among the different progenies, progenies of G11, G16, K13 and S4 exhibited a distinct deep pink/purple leaf flush, while green was the most common leaf colour. Progenies of G2 and K18 only exhibited purple and light purple and indicating the production of new variants. Four leaf shapes namely ovate (26.67%), elliptic (26.67%), ovate-elliptic (26.66%) and ovate-lanceolate (20%) were recorded; but majority of the progenies exhibited an acuminate leaf tip shape (53.33%) followed by acute leaf tip shape (26.67%) and sub-acute type (20.00%); but all the progenies exhibited entire margin type. Maximum leaf length was recorded in M21 progenies (15.01 cm) and maximum leaf width for progenies of J4 (6.37 cm); but the progenies of M21 recorded the highest leaf area (69.03 cm2). Progenies from the Manchale source, M21 showed the highest biomass, with a fresh weight of 1847.78 g/plant and a dry weight of 1099.97 g/plant followed by M8 (with fresh weight of 1838.15 g/plant and 1073.93 g/ plant, respectively).

Influence of source variation and IBA treatment on Cinnamomum zeylanicum cutting propagation

CHAITRA KOTRABASAPPA MUDDI, M. HANUMANTHA — Wed, 21 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Cinnamomum zeylanicum is one of commercially important tree spice having high market demand for its bark and value-added products. Raising a quality planting material for large scale production is one of the important areas to be focused. Cinnamon can be propagated through seeds; but vegetative propagation plays major role to overcome problems associated with seed propagation and produce elite planting material of true to type. The plant growth regulators helps in inducing rooting during vegetative propagation. Success of vegetative propagation is affected by cluster of factors (genotype of species, seasonal variation and growth regulator treatment). The present study was carried out to assess the influence of source variation and different concentrations of IBA treatment on Cinnamomum zeylanicum cutting propagation during August- September season. Cuttings were collected from five different sources and treated with 1000 ppm and 2000 ppm IBA. Among the selected sources overall performance of Gejjehalli source was found better (sprouting: 62.66%, rooting: 46.67%, mean number of sprouts: 0.918, mean number of roots: 0.892, sprout length: 2.494 cm and root length: 1.50 cm) followed by Siddapura source with 2000 ppm IBA treatment during August-September season. IBA is least affected by auxin destroying enzymes and characterized by slow translocation. Good results were observed with increase in concentration. From the above studies it is evident that, source or provenances have exhibited significant variation for vegetative propagation which may be due to family and within-family effects, genetic interactions with different concentrations of IBA treatment.

Study of growth and nutritional status of low birth weight babies

Wed, 21 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Low birth weight (LBW) is defined as a birth weight of less than 2500 g (up to and including 2499 g), as per the World Health Organization (WHO,2014). Twenty five low birth weight babies and mothers were taken to assess the growth and nutritional status in Dharwad-Hubli cities. A detailed case study was conducted for the period of six months using prestructured questionnaire. The information regarding baby weight and length were recorded for six months every fortnight. Morbidity pattern i.e., infection and diseases suffered by the low-birth-weight babies were recorded. Data was compiled and analysed by using simple descriptive analysis. Frequency and tabulation were done using Microsoft Excel.

Influence of wet processing treatments on physical properties of banana fibre

REENAWANTI ., K. J. SANNAPAPAMMA, SADHANA D. KULLOLI, T. R. SHASHIDHAR — Wed, 21 Aug 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Banana fiber is one of the natural, strong, ligno-cellulosic and lustrous bast fiber obtained from the pseudo-stem of the banana plant. The individual cells of banana fibre are cemented with hemicellulose, lignin and forms a complex fibre. It is very difficult to spin the fibre with 20-30% of adhere lignin hence lignin needs to be removed by treating the fibre with various alkali treatment, enzyme treatment and softening treatments. The objective of the research paper focused on influence of pre-treatments on physical properties of banana fibre. The banana fibre was procured from local farmers subjected to fibre extraction process. The extracted fibre processed with different pre-treatment viz; scouring, bleaching and softening. The treated fibres were assessed for various physical properties viz;fibre weight loss, fibre length, fibre fineness, fibre strength and fibre elongation. The findings of the study stated that pre-treated fibre was found to be more finer and softened. The processed fibre can be suitable for the production of varigated plain and complex yarns.