Journal of Farm Sciences

Genetic variability and character association of yield, yield attributes and grain nutrient traits in Triticum species

Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major global staple contributing approximately 35% to global food consumption. This study was conducted to assess genetic variability and correlations among morpho-physiological traits, yield components,and grain nutrients in 18 wheat genotypes at the Main Agricultural Research Station, UAS Dharwad, during the rabi seasonof 2023-24. The genotypes included bread wheat, durum wheat and diccocum wheat, representing different commerciallygrown wheat species in India. Genetic variability analysis revealed low genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation(GCV and PCV) for days to 50% flowering and days to maturity, indicating limited variability. In contrast, traits such as thenumber of productive tillers and peduncle length exhibited moderate to high GCV, PCV, heritability and genetic advance asa percentage of the mean (GAM), indicating significant genetic variability and strong selection potential.Correlation analysisidentified a positive relationship between grain yield and the number of grain per spike and biomass , while grain nutrienttraits such as iron and protein content exhibited a negative association with grain yield. These findings provide valuableinsights for developing wheat varieties with enhanced yield and grain quality.

Genetic variability and character association studies in Triticum species

Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study evaluated the variability and interrelationships among traits in 18 wheat genotypes, including10 checks and 8 advanced breeding lines, representing both Triticum aestivum L.(bread wheat) and Triticum durum (macaroniwheat). These species are vital to agriculture in the Indian subcontinent, with bread wheat primarily used for baking anddurum wheat for pasta production. The analysis revealed that the phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was consistentlyhigher than the genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) across most traits. Notably, traits such as grain yield, spike length,peduncle length, 1000-grain weight, and biomass exhibited high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as a percentageof the mean, underscoring the potential for effective selection to enhance these characteristics. Correlation analysis indicateda positive and significant association between grain yield and key traits, including the number of productive tillers, spikelength, and biomass. This suggests that targeted improvements in these traits could significantly boost grain yield in wheat.

Multi-Season field evaluation: Identification of potential genetic stocks for salinity tolerance in wheat

Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Wheat (Triticum spp.) is a vital cereal crop worldwide. Salinity remains a major abiotic stress restricting wheatproductivity, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Based on previous screening during rabi 2020–21, three genotypes UAS BW-13892, GPM DIC 101 and GPM DIC 107 were identified as promising for salinity tolerance using stress indices(SSI and STI), screening for seedling traits under hydroponic, growth and yield performance under natural saline conditions. These genotypes were subsequently evaluated in detail across three consecutive rabi seasons (2021-22, 2022-23 and2023-24) at Ugar Khurd, Karnataka, under both saline and non-saline (control) environments to assess their performance. The experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design with two replications. Soil electrical conductivity(ECe) in saline plots was maintained above 4 dS/m, while control plots remained below 2 dS/m. Pooled ANOVA wasperformed across years, genotypes and conditions. Significant (P 0.01) variation was observed among genotypes andenvironments for all traits. The genotype × condition interaction was significant for most parameters, indicating differentialresponses to salinity. UAS BW-13892 exhibited early maturity, high biomass (106-121 q/ha) and stable thousand-grainweight (41-42 g) under salinity. GPM DIC 101 showed superior tillering ability (163-169 tillers/m) and shorter stature,while GPM DIC 107 maintained high chlorophyll content and biomass under non-stress conditions. The results indicatestable performance and adaptability across saline environments. Their tolerance mechanisms early maturity, efficientbiomass production, high tillering ability and maintenance of grain weight highlight their potential as valuable geneticresources for wheat improvement under salt-affected soils.

Genetic variability and trait associations in F2 wheat population under moisture stress conditions

Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major cereal crop, but its productivity is often limited by moisture stress inrainfed areas. This study evaluated genetic variability and trait associations in an F2 population of the cross HD 2888 ×UASBW 13039 under drought conditions. Significant variability was observed for agro-morphological and physiologicaltraits. Plant height, tillers per plant, peduncle length, and thousand grain weight showed high heritability with high geneticadvance, suggesting strong additive gene effects and good potential for selection. In contrast, days to 50% flowering, daysto maturity and SPAD chlorophyll content exhibited limited variability and greater environmental influence. Correlationanalysis revealed that tillers per plant, spike length and peduncle length were positively associated with yield, while plantheight was negatively correlated, favoring compact types under stress. SPAD values negatively correlated with days tomaturity, highlighting stay-green traits for drought escape. The study identifies key selection traits for breeding droughtresilientwheat and offers valuable guidance for climate-resilient crop improvement.

Field evaluation and inheritance of leafhopper resistance in segregating generations of Cotton

Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is a globally important fiber crop whose productivity is increasingly threatenedby sucking pests, with leafhopper (Amrasca biguttula biguttula) infestation emerging as a major concern. The present studyaimed to elucidate the inheritance of leafhopper resistance in cotton using F2 populations derived from four crosses betweenexotic susceptible and indigenous resistant genotypes. Field evaluations were conducted under unprotected conditionsduring kharif 2023-24 at the Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad. Inheritance analysis revealed variable genetic controlof resistance across the crosses. The F2 population of 0774-3-3 × 1-2-1 exhibited a 13:3 ratio, indicating inhibitoryepistasis, whereas the populations of Raider 276 × 8-1-2 and 0774-3-3 × MCU-12 followed a 9:7 ratio, consistent withcomplementary gene action. In contrast, the F2 population of Raider 276 × MCU-13 segregated in a 3:1 ratio, confirmingcontrol by a single dominant gene. These results demonstrate that leafhopper resistance in cotton is governed by eithermonogenic or digenic interactions, depending on the parental genetic background. These findings provide valuable insightsfor cotton breeding programs focused on developing high-yielding, leafhopper-resistant cultivars with improved agronomicperformance and fibre quality under unprotected conditions.

Character association of yield and its contributing traits in F4 and F5 populations derived from intrahirsutum cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) crosses

Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study explores the phenotypic correlations among yield and fiber quality traits in 84 genotypes of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) aiming to identify key traits for yield improvement. The study was conducted during the kharif2023 season at MARS, Raichur. The experiment included F4 and F5 cotton populations using an augmented block design. Observations were made on plant height, monopodia, sympodia, boll number, lint yield, boll weight and fiber traits such asfiber strength, elongation and micronaire value. Results revealed that seed cotton yield exhibited significant positivecorrelations with plant height (0.431), number of monopodia (0.340), number of bolls per plant (0.727), boll weight (0.649)and lint yield (0.953). While fiber elongation and micronaire value also correlated positively with seed cotton yield, theseassociations were non-significant. Among fiber quality traits, lint index showed a significant positive association withginning outturn and seed index suggesting their potential for improving both yield and quality traits. This study underscoresthe importance of plant height, monopodia, number of bolls, boll weight and lint yield as selection criteria in breedingprograms targeting higher cotton yields.

Unravelling the genetic variability, correlation and explore the structure of genetic divergence in the RIL population of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) derived from the cross RHAP 12 x RHAP 15

K. SAINATH, B. P. MARUTHI PRASAD, B. R. PATIL, M. AKSHAYA — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The nature and magnitude of genetic variability, correlation and principal component analysis were estimated inthe 142 RIL populations of cotton developed by hybridization between RAHP 12 and RAHP 15 by considering 10 quantitative and 6 fibre quality traits to reveal the considerable amount of diversity among these RILs. The 142 RILs alongthe check variety (MCU 5, Sahana, DHH 263, Binds, RHAP 12 and HBS 144) were evaluated in augmented design at the University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during kharif 2021. The variability studies indicated that a high estimate ofphenotypic coefficient of variation (PCA) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) was observed for sympodialbranches per plant, whereas the character plant height, number of monopodia per plant, number of bolts per plant and boll Weight showed moderate GCV and PCV and also high heritability was evident in plant height, number of monopodia perplant, number of bolls per plant, seed cotton yield and ginning output. The correlation coefficient indicated that the numberof bolls per plant, boll weight and lint yield per plant were significantly associated with seed cotton yield, suggesting thatone or more yield traits can be used as selection criteria to improve the seed cotton yield. Five principal componentsshowed an eigenvalue of more than one with an accumulated variability of 75.96%. The principal component with thehighest variability was mostly related to boll weight and seed index.

Assessment of mungbean genotypes for durable resistance to mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV)

Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) is a vital pulse crop in India, often constrained by biotic stresses, amongwhich Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV) is the most devastating, capable of causing up to 85 per cent yield loss. The present study was undertaken to identify stable sources of resistance to MYMV by evaluating 60 mungbean genotypesalong with four checks under natural epiphytotic conditions during the summer seasons of 2023 and 2024 at the Universityof Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. The experimental design followed was an augmented block layout and disease scoringwas performed at 45, 60 and 75 days after sowing using a standard rating scale. Significant variation was observed amonggenotypes, with disease incidence (DI) ranging from 0 to 63.38 per cent in 2023 and 0 to 70 per cent in 2024. Analysis ofvariance indicated significant differences among entries, confirming genetic variability in disease response. Genotypes wereclassified into six disease response classes, from highly resistant to highly susceptible. Resistant checks, Vigna trilobata and IPM 2-14, exhibited consistent resistant to moderately resistant responses, while susceptible checks DGGV 2 and TARM1 showed highly susceptible and moderately susceptible reactions, respectively. Among the test entries, ‘Virat’ and ‘8BRD-9’ consistently exhibited resistant reactions across both seasons, indicating their potential as stable MYMV-resistantsources. DGGV 251-1 showed a moderately resistant response, likely due to its parentage involving the resistant cultivar IPM 2-14. The observed variation in disease response was attributed to genetic diversity among genotypes, seasonalvariability and differential vector pressure. These findings contribute valuable insights into utilization of MYMV-resistantgenotypes for future mungbean improvement programs.

Multivariate statistical analysis of genetic parameters of cotton genotypes for yield, yield attributes and fiber quality traits

B. AISHWARYA, B. R. PATIL, R. S. PATIL, M. G. HEGDE, M. S. L. RAO — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

A successful breeding program fundamentally relies on adequate genetic variability within the base population. To explore this, a comprehensive study was conducted at University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during kharif 2023. A field trial was conducted to evaluate yield components and fiber traits in eighteen cotton genotypes, with the experimentarranged in a randomized block design containing two replications. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) demonstrated significantdifferences (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) among cotton genotypes across all fourteen measured traits, confirming substantial geneticdiversity. The observed phenotypic variation (PCV) was consistently greater than the genetic variation (GCV), demonstratingthe strong impact of environmental conditions on how traits were expressed. Of particular interest, seed cotton yield perplant uniquely displayed additive gene action, characterized by high heritability and pronounced genetic advance overmean. This finding suggests its suitability for direct selection protocols, positioning it as crucial parameter for populationimprovement strategies.

Validation of leaf area index of maize for graded levels of fertilizers using conventional and artificial intelligence techniques

M. BINDU, M. P. POTDAR, S. RAJKUMARA, B. N. ARAVIND KUMAR, G. R. RAJAKUMAR — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

A field experiment was conducted at MARS, Dharwad during kharif, 2023-24 for validation of leaf area index of maize for graded levels of fertilizers using conventional and artificial intelligence techniques. The results showed thatapplication of 150 per cent RDF recorded significantly higher grain yield (75.64 q ha-1) and stover yield (96.18 q ha-1) ofmaize than 50 per cent RDF (38.69 q ha-1 and 55.71 q ha-1, respectively) and it was on par with 100 per cent RDF (72.77q ha-1 and 94.64 q ha-1, respectively). Among the subplots (Methods of LAI estimation) there was no significant difference. Among interactions, 150 per cent RDF + LAI estimation by artificial intelligence (AI) method showed significantly highergrain yield (75.70 q ha-1) and stover yield (96.26 q ha-1) than control. Among the different methods of LAI estimation, AImethod showed least deviation (1.02-14.77%) particularly at grain filling (1.02%) followed by silking stage (2.9%) andmaximum deviation (46.1-58.0%) was observed with disc method at all the growth stages. Among machine learning models,random forest model outperformed other models with R² (0.67-0.94) and RMSE (0.02-0.26) at all the growth stages (Kneehigh stage, tasseling stage, siliking stage and grain filling stage) compared to other models.

Grain quality of emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum L.) as influenced by precision nitrogen management practices

V. UMA, J. A. HOSMATH, H. T. CHANDRANATH, N. S. HEBSUR, H. Y. PATIL — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2020-21 and 2021-22 to find out the effect of different precision nitrogen management practices on the quality of emmer wheat at Main Agricultural Research Station (MARS),University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, on black clay soil conditions. The experiment was replicated thrice in RCBDwith thirteen treatments for precision nitrogen management (Control, N-omission, RDN, LCC, SSNM, STCR andNutrient Expert) in emmer wheat. The results revealed that application of nitrogen through STCR for targeted yield of 6.0 t ha-1recorded significantly maximum grain yield (5201 kg ha-1), nitrogen content in grain (2.21%), straw (0.66%) and nitrogenuptake in grain (114.69 kg ha-1) and straw (52.42 kg ha-1) in pooled analysis. The quality parameters of emmer wheat weresignificantly influenced by different precision nitrogen management practices, the maximum crude protein (12.57%),sedimentation value (32.31 ml) and β-Carotenecontent (4.86 ppm) in grain was noticed in nitrogen management through STCRfor targeted yield of 6.0 t ha-1 over absolute control (9.15%, 20.98 ml and 3.52 ppm, respectively) and N- omission(9.52%, 22.68 ml and 3.72 ppm, respectively). There was 65 per cent increase in grain yield in STCR for targeted yield of6.0 t ha-1 over absolute control. The near perfect linear relationship of grain yield withgrain crude protein content (R2=0.9737),sedimentation value (R2=0.8967) and yellow pigment (R2=0.9589) was suggested that higher grain yield with better qualityof wheat grains.

Effect of early post emergence herbicides on weed dynamics and yield of Urdbean

P. BHARATH KUMAR, S. A. BIRADAR, B. H. PRASANNA KUMARA, K. P. GUNDANNAVAR — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2024-25 at the Main Agricultural Research Station, UAS, Dharwad, to evaluate the effect of early post-emergence herbicides on weed dynamics and yield of urdbean. The experimentwas laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Nine treatments were tested,consistingof pre-emergence (PE), early post-emergence (EPoE) and post-emergence (PoE) herbicides. The experimental field wasinfested with broadleaf weeds, grasses and sedges. Among the weed control treatments, application of Propaquizafop 2.5%+ Imazethapyr 3.75% w/w ME (50 + 75 g a.i. ha-¹) RM @ 2000 g ha-¹ as EPoE proved most effective in reducing total weeddensity and dry weight, enhancing weed control efficiency and improving yield attributes (pods per plant, pod weight),seedand haulm yield. However, this treatmentwas statistically comparable with Fluazifop-p-butyl 11.1% w/w + Fomesafen11.1% w/w SL @ 250 g a.i. ha-¹ RM @ 1000 g ha-¹ as EPoE.

Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus rates and time of application on growth, fodder yield and quality of hedge lucerne

DIVYA BHANDARI, S. RAJKUMARA, S. S. HALLIKERI, H. Y. PATIL, S. K. PRASHANTHI — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

A field experiment was conducted at the MARS, Dharwad, Karnataka, during the kharif season of 2024-25 to study the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus rates and time of application on growth, yield and quality of hedge lucerne.Thetreatments comprised six nitrogen and phosphorus rates and three time of application. Application of 50 kg N and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 significantly enhanced growth parameters like plant height and leaf to stem ratio,total green fodder (26.37 t ha-1), dryfodder yield (5.52 t ha-1), mean crude protein (21.36%) and total ash content (8.13%), total crude protein (1211.41 kg ha-1) andtotal ash yield (471.0 kg ha-1) as superior to lower levels of nutrient application. Application of nutrients in four splits (25%basal + 25% after 1st cut + 25% after 2nd cut + 25% after 3rd cut) significantly recorded higher growth parameters, total greenfodder (23.25 t ha-1), dry fodder yield (4.84 t ha-1), mean crude protein (20.08%) and total ash content (7.76%), total crudeprotein (1003.5 kg ha-1) and total ash yield (390.4 kg ha-1) as compared three and two splits. Higher green fodder yield andquality of hedge lucerne can be obtained with application of 50 kg N and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1in four splits was found optimum.

Influence of zinc and iron application on growth and yield of mothbean (Vigna aconitifolia L.) in northern dry zone of Karnataka

Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

A field experiment was conducted during 2022-23 kharif season at RARS, Vijayapura to study the influence of zinc and iron on growth and yield of mothbean. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with four levels of zincin main plot (0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 kg ha-1) and four levels of iron in sub plot (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 kg ha-1) with one absolute controlreplicated thrice. Among the zinc sulphate levels, application of zinc sulphate alone (ZnSO4) @ 7.5 kg ha-1 while in ironsulphate levels, iron sulphate alone (FeSO4) @ 7.5 kg ha-1 recorded maximum plant height, dry matter accumulation,effective nodules, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, test weight, grain and haulm yield ofmothbean. Further, higher gross returns (66640 and 64338 ` ha-1, respectively), net returns (38823 and 36521 `ha-1,respectively) and B:C (2.40 and 2.31, respectively) was recorded with the application of ZnSO4and FeSO4alone @ 7.5 kgha-1 each. The combined application of ZnSO4and FeSO4each @ 7.5 kg ha-1 recorded no significant difference however,numerically higher values of growth and yield were recorded as compared to treatments that received 0 kg ha-1 zinc sulphateand iron sulphate each respectively. All the growth and yield parameters increased with increase in ZnSO4and FeSO4levels.

Comparative studies on soil fertility status of natural farming and farmers practice in northern dry zone of Karnataka

VARSHA SOMARADDI RADDER, VIDYAVATHI G. YADAHALLI, S. S. GUNDLUR, G. S. YADAHALLI — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Soil fertility is important as it directly influence the productivity and overall health of the soil.This research wasconducted to study soil fertility status in <5,5-10 and 10-15 years under natural farming and farmers practice at 0-20 cm soildepth in three natural farming clusters of Belagavi district in northern dry zone of Karnataka during 2022-23.This studyrevealed that natural farming had a positive effect on soil fertility. Soil pH and EC decreased in natural farming (8.29 to 8.08,0.47 to 0.41 dS/m), where as it increased in farmers practice from 8.35 to 8.49 (pH),0.49 to0.51 dS/m(EC) and CECincreased from 54.94 to 75.91 c mol(p+)/kg in natural farming but decreased from 50.47 to 42.82 c mol (p+)/kg in farmerspractice. Organic carbon increased in natural farming from 7.11 to 9.63 g/kg but it decreased from 6.12 to 4.24 g/kg in farmerspractice over the years. Available macronutrients and DTPA-extractable micronutrients increased in natural farming butsignificantly decreased in farmers practice over the years. Overall, natural farming showed improvements in soil fertilitywhile farmers practices resulted in decline in soil fertility over the years.

Evaluation of drone technology in paddy ecosystem against key insect pests

S. NAVEEN, ROOPA S. PATIL, D. N. KAMBREKAR, SHRIPAD KULKARNI — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study, conducted at ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Malagi farm, Karnataka, during the kharif season of 2023- 24, evaluated the effectiveness of drone spray technology compared to knapsack sprayers in managing key insect pests inpaddy specifically the rice leaf folder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis) and rice ear head bug (Leptocorisa oratorius). Theinsecticides used were fipronil 5% SC and profenophos 50% EC applied during the vegetative and reproductive phases ofthe crop. Drone spraying demonstrated superior pest control, with higher reductions in pest damage compared to knapsacksprayers. For leaf folder control, fipronil via drone reduced leaf damage by 66.96 per cent in the first application, whileprofenophos recorded a 53.74 per cent reduction. Similar trends were observed for the ear head bug. Additionally, dronespraying had a lesser impact on natural enemies, such as spiders, coccinellids dragon and damselflies, compared to knapsackmethods. The results highlight the advantages of drone technology in providing precise pesticide application ensuring betterpest management reduced ecological impact and improved conservation of beneficial insects making it a promising alternativefor sustainable agriculture.

Biorational approaches for managing mushroom flies and enhancing yield in oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eous) cultivation

Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Mushroom cultivation, particularly of Pleurotus eous, offers nutritional, economic, and environmental benefits but is severely constrained by pest infestations from sciarid (Bradysia tritici) and phorid (Megaselia sandhui) flies, causingyield losses up to 46%. Overreliance on chemical pesticides poses risks of residues, environmental contamination and pestresistance, highlighting the need for sustainable alternatives. This study evaluated the efficacy of three entomopathogenicfungi (Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana, Verticillium lecanii) and four botanicals (neem cake, neem oil, eucalyptusleaf extract, tulsi leaf extract) against mushroom flies under Indian cultivation conditions, and assessed their effects on yieldand nutritional quality of P. eous.Experiments were conducted from November 2020 to January 2021 at JNKVV, Jabalpur,using a completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments were applied at spawning on sterilized wheat–soybean straw substrate. Pest populations (maggots, pupae, adults) were monitored externally and internally at spawn runand across three flushes. Yield (g/bag) and nutritive parameters (protein, ash, carbohydrate, moisture) were determined.Neemcake consistently recorded the lowest sciarid and phorid populations, with maggot and pupal reductions exceeding 65% andadult reductions up to 87% over control. B. bassiana performed comparably well among entomopathogens, reducing maggot populations by 31-37% and adults by 39-47%. Tulsi and eucalyptus extracts showed minimal efficacy. Neem cakealso achieved the highest yield (797 g/bag; 59.08% over control), followed by B. bassiana (778 g/bag; 55.28% over control). Protein (32.22%), carbohydrate (52.40%), and ash content (13.05%) were highest in neem cake treatments, while moisturepeaked with eucalyptus extract.The results demonstrate that neem cake and B. bassiana offer dual benefits of effectivemushroom fly suppression and enhanced yield and nutritional quality. Integrating these biorationals into P. eous cultivationcan provide a sustainable, pesticide-free approach to pest management and productivity enhancement in mushroom farming.

Incidence of potato pests in relation with weather parameters during kharif 2024

K. L. KAVYA, H. M. SHAILA, M. G. HEGDE, S. M. HIREMATH — Thu, 05 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a major food crop in India, vulnerable to several insect pests that cause substantial yield losses. Field study was conducted at MARS, Dharwad during kharif 2024 using the variety Kufri Jyothi toassess the seasonal incidence of key insect pests and their relationship with weather parameters. Observations on aphids,leafhoppers, thrips, whiteflies, mites, Spodoptera litura, shoot borer and natural enemies (coccinellids, spiders, chrysopids)were recorded at weekly intervals from crop emergence to harvest. Results revealed that maximum populations of majorsucking pests (aphids, leafhoppers, thrips, whiteflies and mites) occurred in 33rd standard meteorological week (mid-August),coinciding with high temperature and low rainfall. These pests exhibited strong positive correlations with maximum andminimum temperatures and negative correlations with relative humidity and rainfall. Among them, leafhoppers, thrips, whitefliesand mites showed significant positive correlations with maximum temperature. Spodoptera litura population increased underhigher temperatures but declined with increased humidity and rainfall. Maximum shoot borer infestation was observed duringthe 36th-37th SMWs (early September) and showed significant negative correlations with maximum relative humidity andrainfall. Natural enemies, particularly coccinellids, increased with rising pest populations and were strongly influenced byminimum temperature. Findings highlight the strong influence of weather parameters on pest population dynamics andemphasize the importance of seasonal monitoring for scheduling effective pest management strategies in potato.

Modern approaches in apiculture: assessing comb foundation sheets for enhanced colony health and reduced wax moth damage

B. R. VINUTHA, SUBHASH KANDAKOOR, M. G. HEGDE, M. D. AKBAR — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The Indian honey bee, Apis cerana indica Fabricius, is a vital indigenous pollinator and honey producer in India,but its productivity is often threatened by pests like the greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella Linnaeus), which damagescombs, reduces brood area and lowers honey yields. This study evaluated the effect of comb foundation sheets on brooddevelopment, wax moth infestation and colony performance under Dharwad conditions. Eight colonies were established atthe Biodiversity Park, College of Agriculture, UAS, Dharwad and provided with four treatments: empty frames, 50% combfoundation sheets, 100% comb foundation sheets and farmers’ method (piece of natural comb), each with two replications. Colonies were monitored at 15-day intervals from November 2024 to January 2025. Colonies with 50% comb foundationsheets recorded the largest brood area and minimal wax moth infestation, while 100% foundation sheets showed the lowestbrood area due to absconding and high wax moth larval counts. Optimum size foundation sheet use promoted natural combbuilding, enhanced brood growth without affecting their behavior and strengthened colonies, offering a practical strategy tooptimize colony health and sustainability in Dharwad.

Studies on population dynamics of pod borers in fodder cowpea Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp

MEGHA ., N. S. KULKARN, R. CHANNAKESHAVA, K. SRIDHAR — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The present study investigated the population dynamics of the pod borer complex, Maruca vitrata (Fabricius) and Cydia ptychora (Meyrick), along with their natural enemies in fodder cowpea during kharif 2024 at ICAR-IGFRI,SRRS, Dharwad. Cowpea variety BL-4 was grown in a 200 m² plot without plant protection measures and weekly observations were recorded from pod initiation to crop maturity. M. vitrata infestation began in mid-September, with larvalpopulations peaking in late October–early November (5.38 larvae/plant; 30.05% pod damage). C. ptychora appearedslightly later but reached higher levels, peaking at 9.23 larvae/ plant and 39.60% pod damage, indicating its greater destructivepotential. Natural enemies, mainly coccinellids and spiders, contributed significantly to pest suppression. Coccinellidsexhibited density-dependent fluctuations, peaking along side initial pod borer outbreaks, while spiders maintained consistentactivity throughout, peaking in early November. Correlation analysis revealed that maximum temperature positivelyinfluenced M. vitrata, while minimum temperature and relative humidity showed significant negative correlations with bothpod borers and pod damage. Spiders showed strong positive associations with pest populations, highlighting their ecologicalrole. The study emphasizes the importance of pest monitoring, conservation of natural enemies and climatic considerationsin developing eco-friendly management strategies for sustainable cowpea fodder production.

Screening of fodder cowpea germplasm against pod borers

MEGHA ., N. S. KULKARNI, K. SRIDHAR, R. CHANNAKESHAVA — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2024 at ICAR–Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute(IGFRI), Southern Regional Research Station, Dharwad, to evaluate 150 fodder cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.)germplasm lines along with five checks for resistance against pod borers under natural field conditions. Pod damage wasassessed using the visual rating scale of Jackai and Singh (1982). The results revealed significant variation among germplasmlines, with pod damage ranging from 23.47 to 79.67%. Based on the extent of damage, 26 lines were categorized asmoderately resistant (21-40% damage), 87 as intermediate (41-60%) and 37 as susceptible (61-80%), while no line exhibitedcomplete resistance (0-20%). The study identified FC125, FC39, FC8, FC141 and FC142 as promising entries with lowerpod damage. These findings provide valuable insights for identifying resistance sources and can be utilized in breedingprograms aimed at developing pod borer-resistant fodder cowpea varieties.

Spectral indices as predictive tools for evaluating mungbean yellow mosaic virus resistance

B. VEEKSHITHA, GURUPADA B. BALOL, S. I. HARLAPUR, M. D. PATIL, MD S. AKBAR — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Mungbean is a protein-rich, nitrogen fixing pulse crop and nutritionally known as “Queen of pulses”.Its productivity is severely constrained by Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV). Reliable and rapid assessment of diseaseseverity is essential for resistance breeding as conventional visual scoring is often subjective and labour-intensive. Thisstudy evaluated the potential of non-destructive spectral tools, SPAD chlorophyll meter readings (SCMR) and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) as indicators of MYMV resistance in twenty eight pre-screened mungbean genotypesunder field conditions at UAS, Dharwad (summer 2025). Results revealed that resistant genotypes (DGG 96 and IPM2-14) maintained significantly higher chlorophyll content (SCMR: 51.53,48.42 and 49.46, 45.96) and NDVI values(0.76, 0.73 and 0.75, 0.71) at 30 and 45 DAS whereas highly susceptible genotype DGGV 2 exhibited pronounced declines(SCMR: 30.77, 22.21; NDVI: 0.42, 0.33 at 30 and 45 DAS). Moderately resistant entries displayed intermediate physiologicalresponses. The findings confirmed that higher chlorophyll retention and canopy vigour are closely associated with resistanceto MYMV.Thus SCMR and NDVI provide reliable, rapid and non-invasive alternatives to visual scoring and their integrationinto breeding programs can accelerate the identification and development of durable MYMV-resistant mungbean cultivars.

Survey on the prevalence of Pokkah boeng disease of maize caused by Fusarium species in Karnataka

MALAVIKA T. SAJEEV, G. U. PREMA, S. I. HARLAPUR, B. ARUNKUMAR — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Maize (Zea mays L.), a major cereal crop and a key component of global food and feed systems, faces increasingproductivity threats from fungal diseases. Among these, Pokkah boeng, caused by the Fusarium species complex, hasgained prominence in warm and humid maize-growing regions. To assess the prevalence and distribution of Pokkah boengin northern Karnataka, a systematic roving survey was conducted during the kharif, rabi and summer seasons across fivemajor maize-growing districts, Belagavi, Davangere, Dharwad, Gadag and Haveri. Disease incidence varied significantlyacross locations, ranging from 11.99 to 37.67 per cent, with Belagavi showing the highest mean incidence (25.22%) and Davangere the lowest (17.68%). Higher incidence was associated with black soils, irrigated conditions and intercroppingwith sorghum or sugarcane. The disease was most severe during the kharif season, coinciding with warm and humidconditions favourable for Fusarium infection. The study establishes baseline data on Pokkah boeng occurrence in Karnatakaand underscores the influence of climatic, edaphic and cropping factors on its prevalence, providing critical inputs fordisease management.

Host range and seed borne nature of Pokkah boeng disease of maize caused by Fusarium verticillioides

MALAVIKA T. SAJEEV, G. U. PREMA, S. I. HARLAPUR, B. ARUNKUMAR — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Maize (Zea mays L.) is a globally significant crop cultivated for food, feed and industrial uses. However, its productivity is increasingly threatened by Pokkah boeng disease (PBD), an emerging disease caused by Fusarium speciescomplex. Originally a sugarcane pathogen, Fusarium species have recently expanded their host range to maize and sorghum,causing notable losses in warm, humid regions of India. The present study investigated the host range and seed-borne natureof F. verticillioides associated with PBD of maize. Host range evaluation under field and glasshouse conditions revealed thatsorghum and fodder maize exhibited the highest disease incidence (80%), while pearl millet showed the least (20%). Eightspecies were identified as susceptible hosts, whereas nine, including perennial sorghum, fodder sugarcane, and wheat,remained symptomless, indicating potential resistance. Seed pathology assays confirmed F. verticillioides infection throughall standard detection methods, with maximum infection observed in the pin-prick (56.67%) and agar plate (53.33%)techniques. The pathogen was successfully transmitted from infected seeds to seedlings, confirming its seed-borne nature. These findings highlight F. verticillioides as a major threat to maize production, emphasizing the need for seed healthsurveillance, resistance breeding, and integrated management strategies to contain Pokkah boeng disease.

Mechanisms of salinity tolerance in Pearl Millet Napier (PMN) hybrids [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] x [Pennisetum purpureum (K.) Schum]

M. AMULYA, M. B. DODDAMANI, EDNA ANTONY, V. B. KULIGOD — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Soil salinity affects various physiological and biochemical processes, reducing plant biomass production. Salinitystress affects the physiology of whole plants at cellular levels through osmotic and ionic stress. The study was undertakenat Main Agricultural Research Station (MARS), Dharwad, to evaluate the four Pearl millet Napier (PMN) hybrids viz.,DHN6, BNH14, COBN5 and Phule Yashwanth under saline conditions and also to understand the physiological and biochemicalmechanisms in [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] × [Pennisetum purpureum (K.) Schum]. The experiment was laid out in afactorial, completely randomised design with 5 replications in pot trials. The treatments are 0ECe (control) and 12ECe (salinity). A combination of salts of NaCl, Na2SO4, MgCl2 and CaSO4 in the ratio 13:7:1:2, respectively, was used to prepare saline soils. Changes in membrane stability and total biomass were recorded at each harvest. At 12ECe, the highest and lowest biomass wasrecorded in Phule Yashwant and DHN6, respectively. The fresh stem weight of all genotypes, except DHN 6, increased undersalinity compared to the control but the dry weight in all genotypes decreased under salinity in all the genotypes. The membranestability of all the genotypes increased as the plant matured at 12ECe in both harvests. COBN5 and Phule Yashwant have hightissue tolerance, and the genotype DHN6 recorded the lowest tissue tolerance. The sensitive genotype DHN 6 had the highest leafsucculence under salinity. PMN hybrids increase the stem biomass under salinity conditions to store salts in the stem, a nonphotosynthetictissue to protect the leaves, which contain photosynthetic machinery.

Effect of salinity tolerance in yield performance of guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus) genotypes

K. ANUSREE, EDNA ANTONY, K. SRIDHAR, M. B. DODDAMANI — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Excess salts in soil negatively impact the growth and development of plants. These types of land under the salinity impact could be changed for pasture production or fodder cultivation to improve animal husbandry when croppingis impossible due to higher salinity levels. Guinea grass performs well in cut-and-carry systems and can be used to make hayand silage. The research study was conducted in MARS, UAS Dharwad to evaluate the physiological mechanisms ofsalinity tolerance in Guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus Jacq.), its recovery from salinity stress and tolerance contributesto its yield performance. The genotypes were studied in artificially made saline soil. Artificial saline soil was prepared bya combination of salts of NaCl, Na2SO4, MgCl2 and CaSO4 in the salt ratio: 13:7:1:2, respectively. Varieties BG-1, BG-4,DGG-1, and CO-1 were planted in control and artificially created in 12 ECe soils. After salinity was imposed, threeharvests were taken. DGG 1 recorded the highest fresh biomass yield in this study, followed by BG-4, where CO-1 and BG1 recorded the lowest biomass yield. Leaf succulence was highest in DGG1 and lowest in BG 4. More leaf succulence couldameliorate the ionic and osmotic stress effects of high salinity treatment and provide long-term storage to facilitateimproved reproductive capacity under salinity stress conditions. BG4 recorded the lowest tissue tolerance because most ofthe salts are excreted through the micro hairs of leaves in this genotype. DGG1 has the highest leaf-to-stem ratio, whichresults in a higher number of leaves and leaf area. Membrane stability was increased at 45 days in the subsequent harvestin all genotypes. The increased tissue tolerance combined with increased membrane stability and more number of leaves inDGG-1 facilitated the recovery and increased biomass in DGG 1.

Evaluation of morpho-physiological traits and yield variation in soybean genotypes

SACHIN ., V. H. ASHVATHAMA, G. K. NAIDU, B. O. KIRAN — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

A field study was conducted during kharif, 2022 at All India Coordinated Research Project on Soybean, Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. Variation was observed in morpho-physiologicaltraits for plant height, leaf area index (LAI), Spad chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR) and Yield. The highest plant heightwas recorded in DSb 40 and lowest was recorded in JS 335. DLSb 5 recorded the highest LAI, SCMR, number of pods perplant and yield. The highest seed yield in DLSb 5 can be attributed to highest LAI, SCMR and more number of pods perplant. The genotype DLSb 1 had lowest pods per plant which gave it a lower yield.

Impact of defoliants on yield, fibre quality and economics in cotton

S. R. KAREEKATTI, U. K. SHANWAD — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of chemical defoliation on growth parameters, seed cotton yield and fibre quallity of cotton under high density planting during kharif, 2023. Defoliation with Etherel @ 3000 ppm+Sodium chlorate @ 0.9% at 50 boll opening percentage resulted in higher number of bolls per square mt. and boll weight(gm.) and seed cotton yield (1375.67kg ha-1). Etherel @ 3000 ppm +Sodium chlorate @ 0.9% at 50 boll opening percentagerecorded significantly higher leaf defoliation (98.33%) after 10 days after spray and was superior over other defoliants tried. In all the treatments net returns (`/ha) was maximum in T10-T3+Diuron@400 ppm (`89492) which is as par with T3Thidiazuron @500 ppm (`86498).

Survey on powdery mildew of coriander in northern parts of Karnataka

K. GOUTHAM, ARUN R. SATARADDI, S. M. VASTRAD, B. T. NADAGOUDA — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

A roving survey was carried out during rabi 2024 in four major coriander growing districts of Northern Karnatakanamely Belagavi, Bagalkot, Dharwad and Vijayapura to assess the prevalence and severity of powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe polygoni DC. The survey covered 36 villages across 12 talukas and observations were recorded on crop stage, soiltype, irrigation method and Percent Disease Index (PDI). Belagavi recorded the highest mean PDI (38.43%) with maximumseverity of (53.59%) at Badigwad (Gokak taluk), followed by Bagalkot with an average of (32.98%) and a peak of (44.26%)at Gulgal Jambagi (Mudhol taluk). Dharwad showed moderate incidence with a mean PDI of (20.17%) whereas Vijayapurarecorded the lowest incidence averaging (16.78%). Wilt and blight were also observed in some villages particularly in heavysoils with poor drainage. Higher severity in Belagavi and Bagalkot was linked to late sowing which exposed crops to warmand dry conditions favorable for the pathogen. The presence of alternate hosts such as fenugreek, green gram and black gramalong with dense canopy and poor aeration further aggravated disease spread. The findings emphasize the role of sowingtime, crop history and microclimate in shaping powdery mildew epidemics in coriander.

Effect of temperature regimes on yield and yield components of groundnut genotypes (Arachis hypogaea L.)

R. DIVYA BHARATHI, V. P. CHIMMAD — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Field experiment was under taken during late rabi /summer, 2019-20 with two temperature regimes (dates ofsowing, 49th and 03rdSMW)and 23 groundnut genotypes (including 11 RIL populations) under factorial randomized blockdesign at University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. The results revealed that total biomass accumulation (42.22 g),number of pods per plant (19.18), pod weight per plant (16.82 g) and seed weight per plant (16.82 g) were remarkablyhigher under 49th SMW, while under 3rd SMW reduction in 32.6, 35.2, 37.75 and 36.8% was observed, respectively. Thegenotypes RIL-118 and RIL-99 recorded maximum value of above yield traits, whereas the genotype R-2001-2 and KADIRI-9 maintained the value of yield parameters under both temperature regimes.The total dry matter was positivelycorrelated with pod number (0.538**), seed weight (0.592**) and pod weight (0.611**) under normal date of sowing, whileno correlation was observed under delayed sown conditions.

Effect of stump diameter thickness and nutrient management on shoot growth attributes of Pterocarpus santalinus Linn f

Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Pterocarpus santalinus (Red Sanders) is a rare and highly valued hardwood tree native to the Eastern Ghats of southern India. Its rich red heartwood is widely used in furniture, musical instruments and traditional medicine. Successfulestablishment of this species depends greatly on early seedling growth, which is influenced by factors such as stumpdiameter and nutrient availability. A study was conducted at the Gudagur Forest Nursery, Haveri District, to assess theeffects of stump diameter thickness and nutrient management on seedling growth attributes of Pterocarpus sanatlinus. Theexperiment followed a factorial randomized block design with three main treatments and eight sub-treatments each replicatedthree times. Results indicated that stumps with a diameter greater than 5 mm significantly enhanced seedling performance. Among nutrient treatments, the combination of 0.5 g NPK per seedling along with 33 g poultry manure per seedling showedthe most positive effect on plant height and collar diameter. The study concludes that selecting stumps larger than 5 mm andapplying balanced nutrient doses can significantly improve the early growth and vigor of P. santalinus seedlings. Thesefindings are important for nursery practices and plantation establishment, emphasizing the role of appropriate stumpselection and nutrient management in promoting healthy and productive Red Sanders plantations.

Determinants of adoption and constraints faced by farmers using nano urea plus in soybean production in Haveri district of Karnataka

D. L. KUSUMA, B. R. JAMAKHANDI, G. BASAVARAJ, A. D. NAIK, S. S. NOOLI — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is a major oilseed crop that contributes significantly to farmers’ income and plays avital role in India’s agricultural economy. In the year 2024-25, the study was undertaken to investigate the factors influencingthe adoption of nano urea plus and to identify the major constraints faced by sample farmers using nano urea plus andconventional urea in Haveri district of Karnataka. The primary data was collected from soybean growers. The results of thestudy revealed that the age had a negative coefficient value (-0.6012) which was statistically significant at 5 per cent levelof probability. The odds ratio analysis indicated that subsidy availability increased the likelihood of adoption by 5.53times. The availability of subsidies had the highest marginal effect at 0.5582 which showed that access to subsidiesincreased the probability of adoption by 55.82 per cent. The results of Garrett’s ranking techniques analysis showed thatthe most severe constraint identified was difficulty in the requirement of equipment for application of nano urea plus whichhas ranked first with the highest Garrett mean score of 64.50.

Comparative analysis of financial performance of women-led FPO with mixed gender FPO in the Udupi district of Karnataka

G. SAHANA, G. BASAVARAJ, S. S. GULEDAGUDDA, G. M. HIREMATH, N. MANJULA — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Farmer Producer Organizations serve as an important platform for integrating women into the main stream development of agriculture and allied sectors. A study was conducted to evaluate and compare the performance of a womenled FPO (Kapu FPO) with a mixed-gender FPO (Nitte FPO) in Udupi District, Karnataka. Data on financial aspects of boththe FPOs were collected from their balance sheets and key financial ratios such as liquidity, solvency and profitability wereused as indicators of performance. Results revealed that Kapu FPO exhibited an extremely high current ratio in 2022(191.21), indicating sufficient liquidity, which normalized in subsequent years. The debt-to-equity ratio was zero across allthe years as the FPO operated entirely on equity. It showed high gross and net profitability, reflecting operational efficiencyand return on fixed assets was 0.691. In contrast, Nitte FPO showed more balanced liquidity with consistently higher liquidasset to total asset ratio (0.522) and a modest use of debt (debt-equity ratio of 0.111). Despite this, it recorded lowerprofitability and a weak return on fixed assets (0.049), indicating underutilization of its capital investments. Overall, KapuFPO was safer but less efficient, while Nitte FPO was riskier but more dynamic in operations.

Market bottlenecks in soybean agribusiness: A stakeholder analysis in Karnataka

C. DARSHAN, N. M. KERUR — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is an important global crop, valued for its role as a source of edible oil, vegetable proteinand as a raw material in various industrial products. This study investigates the major marketing constraints faced bydifferent stakeholders, viz., farmers, wholesalers, processors and commission agents-cum-traders in Belagavi district of Karnataka, using primary data. Bailhongal and Hukkeri taluks, along with their corresponding markets, were purposivelyselected due to their prominence in soybean production and trade. Farmers were chosen through a multistage samplingtechnique, while market intermediaries were selected randomly. The study applies Garrett’s ranking method to identify andprioritize marketing bottlenecks. Among farmers, malpractices in weighing and unauthorized deductions emerged as themost significant challenge. Wholesalers and commission agents-cum-traders reported unauthorized deductions and wastageduring marketing processes as the primary constraints, affecting profitability and financial stability. For soybean processors,the limited availability of raw material during the off-season was the chief concern, impacting production continuity. Improving quality-oriented production, transport and storage facilities, along with the formation of collective farmergroups such as Commodity Interest Groups or FPOs, can help mitigate these constraints and enhance overall marketingefficiency in the soybean marketing system.

Mitigating drought stress in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) through seed priming under late sown conditions

PRIYA ., S. R. DODDAGOUDAR, BASAVEGOWDA ., S. B. BELLAD, LAXUMAN . — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

A study on mitigating drought stress in chickpea through seed priming under late sown conditions was carried outduring rabi 2019-20 at the seed production block of ICAR-National Seed Project, Main Seed Unit, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur. The experiment consisted of ten treatments viz., T1: Control, T2: Hydro priming, T3: Seed priming with KNO3 (0.5%), T 4: Seed priming with KNO3 (1%), T5: Seed priming with GA3 (100 ppm), T 6: Seed priming with GA3 (150ppm), T7: Seed priming with SA (50 μM), T8: Seed priming with SA (100 μM), T 9: Seed priming with SNP (50 μM) and T 10: Seed priming with SNP (100 μM) which was laid out in randomized block design. The seeds were primed at 1:2 seedto solution ratio for 8 hours and evaluated for growth and yield parameters. The experimental results revealed that seedpriming with salicylic acid @ 100 μM recorded significantly higher number of primary branches per plant (3.7 and 3.8), leafarea index (2.808 and 1.494), chlorophyll content (59.8 and 45.0) at 60 DAS and harvest and plant population (160),number of pods per plant (22.0), 100 seed weight (18.9 g), seed yield per plant (3.9 g) and seed yield per hectare (1125.9kg) at harvest. While, gibberellic acid @ 150 ppm recorded significantly highest plant height (32.1 and 33.2) compared toall other treatments and control at 60 DAS and harvest.

Distribution of early blight in major tomato growing areas of Dharwad district in Karnataka

PAMIR ., P. V. PATIL — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Early blight caused by Alternaria solani is the most destructive and threatening disease causing yield losses upto 80 per cent resulting in a drastic reduction in the quantity and quality of fruit yield of tomato. In the present study, aroving survey was undertaken in major tomato growing taluks of Dharwad district viz., Dharwad, Hubli and Kalghatgiduring kharif (2021-22 and 2022-23), rabi (2021-22 and 2022-23), as well as during summer 2022 and 2023 to know theseverity of the disease. The highest mean severity of early blight was recorded (47.44 and 34.35%) during kharif 2021-22and kharif 2022-23, respectively. Whereas the least mean per cent disease severity was noticed during summer 2022 and2023 (7.33 and 13.06%, respectively). In general, irrespective of the seasons and years, tomato fields with black soil andcrop fruiting stage recorded more disease severity as compared to red soil and crop flowering stage.

Influence of sowing time and seed rate on seed quality of sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.)

Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

A laboratory experiment was conducted at the department of Seed Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur during rabi 2024 to optimize the sowing time and seed rate on seed quality of sunn hemp. The experiment consists of twenty treatments i.e., five sowing dates (1st week of September, 3rd week of September, 1stweek of October, 3rd week of October and 1st week of November) and four seed rates (15, 20, 25 and 30 kg per hectare) in FCRD with four replications. The results revealed that significantly highest seed germination (85.94%), shoot length(13.10 cm), root length (13.88 cm) and seedling vigour index I (2319) and numerically highest seedling dry weight (17.94 mg)and seedling vigour index II (1542) was recorded in sowing sunn hemp in 3rd week of September (D2). While, the 1st week of November (D5) sowing has recorded the lowest values for all the parameters. Among the different seed rates used, the seedrate of 15 kg per ha has recorded numerically higher seed germination (83.64%), shoot length (12.71 cm), root length(11.60 cm) seedling dry weight (18.03 mg) and seedling vigour index I and II (2039 and 1509, respectively). Hence, for sunnhemp seed production sowing can be taken up from 3rd week of September (D2) to 1st week of October (D3) with a seed rateof 15 kg per hectare was found to be superior from the above study

Weather, crop interaction and land resource based management for groundnut crop in Shirur sub-watershed of Kundgol taluk in Dharwad district of Northern Karnataka

M. M. DIVYASHREE, U. K. SHANWAD, M. V. MANJUNATH, V. B. KULIGOD, J. A. HOSMATH — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Weather plays a key role in determining groundnut productivity under rainfed conditions, as rainfall distribution,temperature, humidity, soil moisture and radiation strongly influence crop growth, pod development and yield stability. The present study assessed the effect of Land Resource Inventory (LRI)-based interventions on groundnut yield in the Shirur sub-watershed of Dharwad district, Karnataka, under four treatments: T1 (LRI farmers with cards, training andinputs), T2 (LRI farmers with cards and training), T3 (LRI farmers with cards only) and T4 (non-LRI farmers, control). Results showed that T1 outperformed all treatments, recording the highest pod yield (36.25 q/ha), kernel weight (116.90 g/plant) and total dry matter (56.00 g/plant), supported by favourable soil moisture and improved management. T2and T3 recorded moderate yields (27.21 and 28.57 q/ha), reflecting partial benefits of training and advisories. In contrast, T4produced the lowest yield (24.32 q/ha) due to poor management and terminal drought stress, which restricted kernel filling. T-test analysis revealed significant differences for most parameters, confirming the role of LRI interventions. Non-significantresults for some traits indicated genetic buffering and environmental stability. Overall, LRI-based management enhancedadaptation to weather, stabilised yields and improved resilience of groundnut farming in semi-arid region of NorthernKarnataka.

Household dietary diversity- A tool to assess food and nutritional security among rural farm families of Bidar district, Kalyana-Karnataka

RAMYA ., UMA N. KULKARNI, CHANDRAMATI J. ROKHADE, N. RAJESHWARI — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

As a base to assess food and nutrition security, the household dietary diversity, food consumption score, demographic profile and socioeconomic status of rural farm families of Bidar district of Kalyana Karnataka region wasstudied during the year 2023-24. A total of 100 farm families residing in two villages from each taluk of Humnabad and Chitguppa were interviewed through quessionaire. The male population was higher (54-56%) as compared to females(44-46%) in Humnabad and Chitguppa taluk, respectively. Majority of the population in Humnabad (34%) and Chitguppa(40%) taluks were adults. Only 24-26 per cent of respondents had completed diploma/PUC in Humnabad and Chitgupparespectively. Agriculture was their main occupation. And majority belonged to nuclear family. The farm families with lowdietary diversity scores were more prevalent in Chitguppa taluk (78%) compared to Humnabad taluk (50%). The meandifferences between both taluks were found to be significant (p<0.01). A significant association between household dietarydiversity score and socio-economic status of the families of Humnabad (p<0.05) and Chitguppa (p<0.01) was noted. Anacceptable food consumption score was evident in both the taluks of Humnabad (66%) and Chitguppa (68%) as well as itsassociation with socio-economic status was found significant in Humnabad (p<0.05) and Chitguppa (p<0.01) taluks ofBidar.

Cooking quality of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) under different row spacing and fertilizer treatments

NIGAR ANJUM, UMA N. KULKARNI, P. ASHOK, KASHIBAI KHYADAGI, S. SHUBHA — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The present investigation entitled “Cooking quality of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) under different row spacing and fertilizer treatments” was carried out in the Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Community Science,University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, during 2024-25. The study aimed to assess the effect of spacing and fertilizerlevels on the cooking quality of quinoa variety Hima Shakti. The experimental material comprised thirteen samples,including one control and twelve treatment combinations derived from three spacing levels (S1: 30×15 cm, S2: 45×15 cm,S3: 60×15 cm) and four fertilizer levels (F1: no fertilizer, F2: 20:10:10, F3: 40:20:20, F4: 60:40:40 N:P:K kg ha-¹ + 5 t FYM ha-¹). Cooking quality was evaluated through percent increase in weight, percent increase in volume and cooking time of rinsed,soaked (4, 8, and 12 hrs) and polished (30, 60, 90, and 120 secs) grains. The results revealed significant (p 0.01) differencesamong treatments for all cooking parameters. Among rinsed and boiled samples, treatment S3 F3 (60×15 cm; 40:20:20 NPK+ 5 t FYM ha-¹) recorded the highest increase in weight (63.28 g) and volume (26.83 ml) with the shortest cooking time(22.68 min). Soaking for 8 h significantly enhanced hydration, swelling capacity and reduced cooking time (17.20 min). Moderate polishing 90s improved starch gelatinization, hydration efficiency and cooking uniformity, while prolongedpolishing 120s further shortened cooking time (12.33 min) but reduced weight and volume gain.The study concluded thatwider spacing combined with moderate fertilizer application (S3 F3) and 90s polishing provided optimum cooking qualityby promoting better hydration, reduced cooking duration and enhanced grain texture, thus improving the overall cookingquality and acceptability of quinoa grains for consumption and value-added product development.